In the field of precision fiber laser cutting, cutting accuracy is one of the key indicators for measuring the performance of equipment. As the core component of precision fiber laser machines, the optical path system plays a decisive role in cutting accuracy. In - depth exploration of the specific impact of each element of the optical path system on cutting accuracy is crucial for optimizing the cutting process and improving processing quality.
The power stability of the laser generator is directly related to cutting accuracy. If the power fluctuates, the energy absorbed by the material during the cutting process will be unstable. For example, if the power suddenly increases, it will cause excessive melting of the material, widen the cutting seam, and lead to slag accumulation on the cutting edge. If the power suddenly decreases, it may result in incomplete cutting and an uneven cutting cross - section. Taking the cutting of a 0.5 - mm - thick stainless - steel sheet as an example, if the power fluctuates by ±5%, the width of the cutting seam may vary between 0.1 - 0.3 mm, seriously affecting the cutting accuracy.
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The quality of the beam generated by the laser generator, such as the beam mode and divergence angle, has a significant impact on cutting accuracy. An ideal fundamental - mode beam has concentrated energy and can form a very small spot on the material surface, enabling high - precision cutting. However, a higher - order mode beam has a relatively dispersed energy distribution and a larger spot. During cutting, the energy cannot be concentrated at one point, resulting in a wider cutting seam and a decrease in accuracy. For example, when cutting tiny electronic components, the fundamental - mode beam can achieve a cutting accuracy of ±0.01 mm, while a higher - order mode beam may only achieve an accuracy of ±0.05 mm.
There is a certain amount of loss in the transmission fiber during the transmission of the laser. If the fiber loss is too large, the laser energy reaching the cutting head will be significantly reduced, affecting the cutting ability. To ensure the cutting effect, it is necessary to either reduce the cutting speed or increase the initial power of the laser generator. However, reducing the cutting speed will affect production efficiency, and increasing the initial power may affect cutting accuracy due to excessive power, resulting in an uneven cutting surface. For example, when cutting 10 - mm - thick carbon steel, for every 10% increase in fiber loss, the cutting speed needs to be reduced by about 20%, or the initial power needs to be increased by 15%. Both of these adjustment methods will have a negative impact on cutting accuracy.
Fiber bending will change the transmission path and beam quality of the laser. Excessive bending of the fiber will cause multiple reflections and scattering of the laser inside, resulting in an uneven energy distribution of the beam and spot deformation. During the cutting process, this will cause the width of the cutting seam to be inconsistent, reducing the cutting accuracy. Generally, when the bending radius of the fiber is less than a certain value (such as 50 mm), the cutting accuracy will be significantly affected, and the deviation of the cutting - seam width may exceed ±0.05 mm.
The quality of the focusing lens is directly related to the focusing effect. A high - quality focusing lens has a smooth surface and stable optical performance. It can accurately focus the laser onto a very small area on the material surface, concentrating the energy highly, thus enabling high - precision cutting. However, a focusing lens of poor quality may have problems such as aberration and chromatic aberration, resulting in inaccurate laser focusing, a larger spot, and a decrease in cutting accuracy. For example, when using a high - quality focusing lens to cut an aluminum - alloy sheet, the cutting accuracy can reach ±0.03 mm, while when using a low - quality focusing lens, the accuracy may drop to ±0.1 mm.
The accuracy of the focusing position is crucial for cutting accuracy. If the focusing position is too high or too low, the size of the spot on the material surface will change, affecting the cutting energy density. When the focusing position is too high, the spot area increases, the energy is dispersed, and the cutting seam widens. When the focusing position is too low, although the energy is concentrated, over - melting may occur due to excessive energy on the material surface, also affecting the cutting accuracy. When cutting materials of different thicknesses, it is necessary to accurately adjust the focusing position to ensure the best cutting accuracy. For example, when cutting a 3 - mm - thick copper plate, a focusing - position deviation of ±0.2 mm will cause a ±0.05 - mm change in the width of the cutting seam.
The flatness of the reflective mirror determines the accuracy of the laser's reflection direction. If the surface of the reflective mirror is uneven, the laser will undergo irregular reflection during the reflection process, changing the laser's transmission path. As a result, the laser received by the cutting head deviates from the 预定 position, causing a deviation in the cutting trajectory and affecting the cutting accuracy. For example, when the surface flatness error of the reflective mirror reaches ±0.01 mm, the cutting - trajectory deviation may reach ±0.05 mm.
The coating quality of the reflective mirror affects the laser reflectivity. If the coating quality is poor, the laser reflectivity is low, and part of the energy is absorbed or scattered by the reflective mirror, resulting in insufficient energy reaching the cutting head, affecting the cutting effect. At the same time, uneven coating may also cause uneven energy distribution after laser reflection, resulting in inconsistent widths of the cutting seam and a decrease in cutting accuracy. For example, when the coating reflectivity drops from 98% to 90%, the roughness of the cutting surface may increase by 2 - 3 times, and the cutting accuracy is significantly reduced.
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